Hello. In this mini course, we will start with the atom, looking at its structure, the number of neutrons, protons and electrons and how we make a solid by bringing a group of atoms to the order 10 to 22 atoms per centimeter cube. And once we bring those together, now we have a solid. And how does bringing these atoms together influence the properties of the material? And we will find that this thing called bonding, how the atoms come together, will dictate the type of material and how we can actually use it. For example, we can have things that have metallic bonding, they're going to have great thermal conductivity, great electrical conductivity. We'll have these things called insulators that will not have good electrical conductivity, will not have thermal conductivity, and their type of bonding is typically ionic and covalent. Then we have some things a little closer to the insulator, that will be polymers. They have one dimensional covalent bonding and van der Waals bonding. And we'll see what those various types of bonding are. And then ceramics will have ionic bonding where we have a transfer of electron during the bonding process and covalent bonding. And we'll look at things like, what are the other properties? Well, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, typically, they're going to be hard materials insulators because that's dictated by their type of bonding. So, based on that bonding, we know I can use them in the application where I don't want the thermal conductivity, I don't want the electrical conductivity. And then things like semiconductors, they have covalent bonding. But I'm going to also manipulate them because a semiconductor means they're not insulators, they're not metal or good conductors, they're somewhere in between. But I can alter the material through processing and make them very good electrical conductors, or better I should say. And with that ability to alter the silicon, we will see later on that I can make it what we refer to as a p-type which has sort of a positive carrier, majority carrier, or I can make an n-type where the majority carries are negative. In utilizing this, I can build diodes, I can build transistors, and I can build these things called complementary metal oxide semiconductors. And that's the basis for our semiconductor industry, hence I can't make things that alter our lives or assist our lives, I should say, from my refrigerator, now I got a display in my refrigerator that can assist me in my grocery handling my grocery issues. Again, my phone, think about the power of phone based on these transistors. You have the power of your car, autonomous vehicles, drones, all made possible by the power of integrated circuits. So, we will go forward and start our quest